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<title>Focus stacking</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Focus stacking</span></span>

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<p><b>Focus stacking</b> – also called <b>focal plane merging</b>, <b>z-stacking</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>focus bracketing</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>focus blending</b> – is a <a href="Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> technique which combines multiple images taken at different <a href="Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a> distances to give a resulting image with a greater <a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> (DOF) than any of the individual source images.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focus stacking can be used in any situation where individual images have a very shallow depth of field; <a href="Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a> and <a href="Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscopy</a> are two typical examples. Focus stacking can also be useful in <a href="Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a>.

</p><p>Focus stacking offers flexibility: since it is a computational technique, images with several different depths of field can be generated in post-processing and compared for best artistic merit or scientific clarity. Focus stacking also allows generation of images physically impossible with normal imaging equipment; images with nonplanar focus regions can be generated. Alternative techniques for generating images with increased or flexible depth of field include <a href="Wavefront_coding" title="Wavefront coding">wavefront coding</a>, <a href="Light-field_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-field camera">light-field cameras</a> and <a href="Tilt-shift_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt-shift photography">tilt</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2></div>

<p>The starting point for focus stacking is a series of images captured at different focus distances; in each image different areas of the sample will be in focus. While none of these images has the sample entirely in focus they collectively contain all the data required to generate an image which has all parts of the sample in focus. In-focus regions of each image may be detected automatically, for example via <a href="Edge_detection" title="Edge detection">edge detection</a> or <a href="Fourier_analysis" title="Fourier analysis">Fourier analysis</a>, or selected manually. The in-focus patches are then blended together to generate the final image.

</p><p>This processing is also called <b>z-stacking</b>, focal plane merging (or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">zedification</i></span> in French).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_photography">In photography</h3></div>

<p>Getting sufficient <a href="Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> can be particularly challenging in <a href="Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>, because depth of field is smaller (shallower) for objects nearer the camera, so if a small object fills the frame, it is often so close that its entire depth cannot be in focus at once. Depth of field is normally increased by <a href="Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">stopping down</a> <a href="Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> (using a larger <a href="F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>), but beyond a certain point, stopping down causes <a href="Science_of_photography#Diffraction_limit" title="Science of photography">blurring due to diffraction</a>, which counteracts the benefit of being in <a href="Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">focus</a>. It also reduces the luminosity of the image. Focus stacking allows the depth of field of images taken at the sharpest aperture to be effectively increased. The images at right illustrate the increase in DOF that can be achieved by combining multiple exposures.

</p>

<p>The <a href="Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission has a device called <a href="Mars_Hand_Lens_Imager" title="Mars Hand Lens Imager">Mars Hand Lens Imager</a> (MAHLI), which can take photos that can later be focus stacked.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_microscopy">In microscopy</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>, high <a href="Numerical_aperture" title="Numerical aperture">numerical apertures</a> are desirable to capture as much light as possible from a small sample. A high numerical aperture (equivalent to a low f-number) gives a very shallow depth of field. Higher magnification <a href="Objective_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective lens">objective lenses</a> generally have shallower depth of field; a 100× <a href="Objective_(optics)" title="Objective (optics)">objective lens</a> with a numerical aperture of around 1.4 has a depth of field of approximately 1 <a href="Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a>. When observing a sample directly, the limitations of the shallow depth of field are easy to circumvent by focusing up and down through the sample; to effectively present microscopy data of a complex 3D structure in 2D, focus stacking is a very useful technique.

</p><p>Atomic resolution <a href="Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">scanning transmission electron microscopy</a> encounters similar difficulties, where specimen features are much larger than the depth of field. By taking a <a href="TSOM" title="TSOM">through-focal series</a>, the depth of focus can be reconstructed to create a single image entirely in focus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software/application">Software/application</h2></div>

<caption>Focus stacking software

</caption>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Primary author

</th>

<th>Application type

</th>

<th>Platform

</th>

<th>License

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a>

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Affinity_Photo" title="Affinity Photo">Affinity Photo</a> 'Focus Merge'

</td>

<td>Serif

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aphelion_(software)" title="Aphelion (software)">Aphelion</a> with Multifocus extension

</td>

<td>ADCIS

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Proprietary, 30-day trial

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Amira_(software)" title="Amira (software)">Amira</a> / <a href="Avizo_(software)" title="Avizo (software)">Avizo</a> 'Image Stack Projection'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher</a>

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CamRanger

</td>

<td>CamRanger

</td>

<td>Desktop / Mobile

</td>

<td>iOS, Android, Mac OS X, Windows

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chasys_Draw_IES" title="Chasys Draw IES">Chasys Draw IES</a>

</td>

<td>John Paul Chacha

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="CombineZ" title="CombineZ">CombineZ</a>

</td>

<td>Alan Hadley

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>CUVI Vision & Imaging Library

</td>

<td>TunaCode

</td>

<td>Desktop / Embedded

</td>

<td>Windows, Linux

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Enfuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfuse">Enfuse</a> (combined with <code>align_image_stack</code> or similar)

</td>

<td>Andrew Mihal and <a href="Hugin_(software)" title="Hugin (software)">hugin</a> development team

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Multiplatform

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>FocusFusion

</td>

<td>DelphiTools

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Focus Stacker

</td>

<td>Alexander Boltnev, Olga Kacher

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Focus Stacking Online<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Focus Stacking Online

</td>

<td>Web application

</td>

<td>All

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shutter Stream Product Photography Software

</td>

<td>Iconasys

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Proprietary

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Helicon_Focus" title="Helicon Focus">Helicon Focus</a>

</td>

<td>Danylo Kozub

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Proprietary, 30-day trial

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="ImageJ" title="ImageJ">ImageJ</a> with Extended Depth of Field Plugin

</td>

<td>Alex Prudencio, Jesse Berent, Daniel Sage

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Unix, Linux, Windows, Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X

</td>

<td>Public domain

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>MacroFusion<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td>Dariusz Duma

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Linux

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a> via <code>ImageFocusCombine</code><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td>

<td><a href="Wolfram_Research" title="Wolfram Research">Wolfram Research</a>

</td>

<td>Desktop / Web

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux

</td>

<td>Proprietary, 15-day trial

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Picolay

</td>

<td>Heribert Cypionka

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Freeware

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>QuickPHOTO with Deep Focus extension

</td>

<td>Promicra

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows

</td>

<td>Proprietary, 30-day trial

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Zerene Stacker

</td>

<td>Rik Littlefield

</td>

<td>Desktop

</td>

<td>Windows, Mac OS X, Linux

</td>

<td>Proprietary, 30-day trial

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pictures">Pictures</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext"> Pepper mill, stack of 28 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of 3 × 2.5 mm electric wires</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Shaver head, stack of 36 frames, retouched</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Macrolepiota procera</a></i>, stack of 15 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of the inner ridge of an orchid blossom</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Stacked image of two <i><a href="Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></i> viewed through a hole in a tree trunk</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Pellet, stack of 32 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="Alluaudia_comosa" title="Alluaudia comosa">Alluaudia comosa</a></i>, stack of 10 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Mold on <i><a href="Litchi_chinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Litchi chinensis">Litchi chinensis</a></i>, stack of 20 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> Skull, stack of 6 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> <a href="Yellow-winged_darter" title="Yellow-winged darter">Sympetrum flaveolum</a> male, stack of 36 frames</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> <a href="Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot Gris</a> grape, stack of 12 frames.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Focus stacking images of a lily</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Focus stacking images of a microchip</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagrams">Diagrams</h3></div>

<div class="gallerytext"> Software creates from the sharpest areas in a stack of sections.</div>

</li>

</ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Brenizer_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenizer Method">Brenizer Method</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep focus</a></li>

<li><a href="Epsilon_photography" title="Epsilon photography">Epsilon photography</a></li>

<li><a href="Focus_bracketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus bracketing">Focus bracketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Frazier_lens" title="Frazier lens">Frazier lens</a></li>

<li><a href="High_dynamic_range_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="High dynamic range imaging">High dynamic range imaging</a> (HDR)</li>

<li><a href="Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">Image stitching</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_fusion" title="Image fusion">Image fusion</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscopy#Deconvolution" title="Microscopy">Microscopy § Deconvolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Shift-and-add" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift-and-add">Shift-and-add</a> for stacking astrophotos</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msss.com/science/msl-mahli-instrument-description.php">"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"</a>. <i>Msss.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learnandsupport.getolympus.com/learn-center/photography-tips/macro/focus-stacking-bracketing-with-om-d">"FOCUS STACKING & BRACKETING WITH OM-D"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-05-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dave (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_142"><i>How to Do Everything: Digital Camera</i></a></span> (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtodoeverythin00john_142/page/n352">336</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-07-149580-6</bdi>. <q>There are a number of programs that allow you to get the equivalent of infinite depth of field in your photos, with sharp focus from the foreground all the way back to the rear. How is this possible? By taking multiple photos of the same scene and stacking them afterwards into a composite that features only the sharpest bits of each image. One of the best is Helicon Focus.</q></cite></span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenaturaliste.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=253&t=3397&p=50691">"Afficher le sujet - Proposition d'un terme français pour "focus stacking" • Le Naturaliste"</a>. <i>Lenaturaliste.net</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msss.com/science/msl-mahli-instrument-description.php">"Malin Space Science Systems - Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) Instrument Description"</a>. <i>Msss.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320124731/http://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/">"MSL Science Corner: Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)"</a>. <i>MSL-SciCorner.JPL.NASA.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msl-scicorner.jpl.nasa.gov/Instruments/MAHLI/">the original</a> on 2009-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<ul><li>Ray, Sidney. 2002. <i>Applied Photographic Optics</i>. 3rd ed. Oxford: Focal Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-240-51540-4</bdi>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Focus_stacking" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Focus stacking">Focus stacking</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camerajabber.com/which-cameras-have-built-in-focus-stacking/">Which cameras have built-in focus stacking?</a> by Jeff Meyer, <i>Camera Jabber</i> Nov. 2019.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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